Uterine Cancer

Uterine Cancer

Uterine cancer is the most common cancer occurring in a woman’s reproductive system. It begins when healthy cells in the uterus change and grow out of control, forming a mass called a tumour. A tumour can be cancerous or benign. 

A cancerous tumour is malignant, meaning it can grow and spread to other parts of the body, while a benign tumour can grow but generally does not invade other tissues.

Types of Uterine Cancer

There are 2 major types of uterine cancer:

• Adenocarcinoma: This type makes up more than 80% of uterine cancers. It develops from cells in the endometrium. One common endometrial adenocarcinoma is called endometrioid carcinoma, and treatment varies depending on the grade of the tumor, how far it goes into the uterus, and the stage or extent of disease. A less common type is called endometrial serous carcinoma, which is treated like ovarian cancer.

• Sarcoma: This type develops in the supporting tissues of the uterine glands or in the myometrium (uterine muscle). Sarcoma accounts for about 2% to 4% of uterine cancers. Types of endometrial sarcoma include leiomyosarcoma and endometrial stromal sarcoma. In most situations, sarcomas are treated differently than adenocarcinomas.

Symptoms of Uterine Cancer

The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is abnormal vaginal bleeding, which may range from a watery, blood-streaked discharge to heavier bleeding. Vaginal bleeding during or after menopause is often a sign of a problem.

Symptoms include:

• Vaginal bleeding or spotting after menopause

• New onset of heavy menstrual periods or bleeding between periods

• Watery pink or white discharge from the vagina

• Persistent pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area lasting two or more weeks

These symptoms may be caused by cancer or other health problems. It is important to consult a doctor if any of these symptoms occur.

Diagnosis of Uterine Cancer

When a woman experiences concerning symptoms, a pelvic exam, including a rectovaginal exam and a general physical examination, should be performed. If the exam is abnormal, further evaluation may include:

• Endometrial biopsy

• Ultrasound

• Dilation and curettage (D&C) procedure

Causes

Doctors do not know the exact cause of uterine cancer, but research and clinical experience point to several factors:

• The stage, grade and specific subtype (histology) of the cancer

• The size and location of the cancer

• Age and general health

Treatment Options

Uterine cancer is usually treated with surgery. Surgery involves removal of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries along with pelvic lymph nodes. This can be done via open, laparoscopic, or robotic approach.

The specific treatment plan depends on several factors, including:

• The stage, grade and specific subtype (histology) of the cancer

• The size and location of the cancer

• Age and general health